Impact of Breast Cancer

Effect of Breast Cancer Free Online Research Papers It was a decent September day when I was fifteen years of age. My folks disclosed to me they had something genuine to let me know. My brain was dashing. It could be separate, yet I didn’t think in this way, my folks are content. It may be the case that we are moving or somebody near me passed on. At that point, they let me know, that two or three weeks prior my mom discovered that she had bosom malignant growth. I was frightened and stunned. I had no clue about what to think. I was stunned. I went down to my room that night and sobbed hysterically. I was so terrified of what would occur. Simply contemplating how my mother could kick the bucket from this, was the most startling thing I have ever envisioned, and it resembled it was working out as expected. I battled the following week, particularly in school. I cried pretty much consistently that week. My mom thought I had no feeling about it, however that was false. I just didn’t need her to feel unique. I needed to trea t her like she was typical. I simply didn't need her to feel like as long as I can remember was changing a direct result of her. The following couple of weeks my mom experienced two unique medical procedures. At that point she began chemotherapy. She began losing her hair. That was a genuine intense time in her life, she separated, and I truly must be there for her. I advised her, â€Å"Losing your hair is superior to passing on. You have had forty-two years of good and awful hair days. One year without hair won't slaughter you, yet keep you around. At that point you will have forty additional long stretches of hair.† After that she experienced radiation. She is disappearing and needs to take pills for a couple of more years to ward the malignancy off. It has been three years and she is obvious from all malignancy, yet has side influences regularly from what she experienced to dispose of the disease. This isn't the main lady experiencing malignant growth. Bosom disease is the most widely recognized sort of malignant growth in ladies, it represents one of each three findings in the United States. Bosom diseases are malignancies, hazardous tumors that creates in one or the two bosoms. A female bosom comprises of greasy and stringy connective tissues. The inside of the bosom is partitioned into around twenty unique areas called flaps. Every one of the projections is additionally partitioned in to lobules, which are structures that contain little milk-delivering organs. These organs place the milk into little pipes. These conduits take the milk all through the bosom and store in a chamber situated beneath the areola. Bosom disease can either be intrusive (spreading) or noninvasive (non-spreading). An intrusive disease infiltrates the mass of a pipe. This sort of malignant growth is the most widely recognized, comprising around 70% all things considered. Penetrating lobular malignant growth that spreads through a mass of a lobule represent s around eight percent of all bosom disease. This sort is probably going to show up in both of the bosoms, frequently in seven separate areas. The reason for bosom malignancy is obscure yet scientists are recommending that estrogen, a hormone delivered by the ovaries, might be included. Examined propose that the more drawn out a lady is presented to the hormone (for example On the off chance that she begins to discharge before the age of twelve or on the off chance that she experienced menopause after the age of fifty-five as well as had kids after the age of thirty) are at a more serious hazard. There are a wide range of choices for bosom malignancy patients. At the point when a lady is determined to have bosom malignancy the initial phase in treatment is generally medical procedure. Medical procedure expels the malignant growth tumor and now and again the choice is made to evacuate the whole bosom. For some ladies the medical procedure is a life changing change that can create wretchedness and turmoil about the subsequent stages in the treatment of their illness. It is significant for ladies to comprehend the contrast among chemotherapy and radiation with the goal that they can settle on an educated decision about how they need to continue. After the medical procedure a choice must be made about whether to seek after further treatment. In the event that it is accepted through testing that the malignant growth was not totally annihilated by medical procedure then the choice to utilize chemotherapy or radiation is made and treatment is begun. Once in a while radiation or chemotherapy is suggested before the tumor is evacuated. This is to e ndeavor to shrivel the tumor before medical procedure with the goal that the medical procedure will be less obtrusive to the bosom, which will make recreation sometime in the not too distant future less hard to finish. One of the choices a lady can make is experiencing chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a fundamental treatment, which implies, that it influences the entire body by experiencing the circulatory system. This ensures every destructive cell have been slaughtered that may have been scattered for the harmful site. Chemotherapy in any case know as chemo helps stop the spread of malignant growth by slaughtering it. Chemo works best of quickly isolating cells, which implies, to start with phases of malignant growth patients. Most malignancy patients have four to eight patterns of chemo. My mother for example did chemo to ensure everything was no more. She had eight full patterns of chemo. Chemotherapy has many reactions. The issue with chemo is that it doesn't simply influence the carcinogenic cells yet additionally other noncancerous cells that quickly isolate. It influences the cells in your blood, mouth, intestinal tract, nose, nails, and hair. These body parts, nonetheless, have a bit of leeway over malignant growth cells in that your body can fix the harm that chemotherapy does to your typical cells. This clarifies why your hair will develop back, your vitality levels will rise, and your contaminations will clear up. And keeping in mind that your body is retaliating, strong meds can assist you with controlling a significant number of the reactions of chemotherapy. While many symptoms of chemotherapy blur rapidly, others may take months or years to vanish totally. For instance, a few ladies experience inconvenience in their grasp and feet from nerve harm identified with the taxanes (Taxol or Taxotere), which can continue for a considerable length of time. It is conceivable (however unprecedented) that chemotherapy may cause changeless symptoms. It is difficult to tell what one may feel however, on the grounds that everybody responds contrastingly to chemotherapy. An individual may feel these reactions or simply lose their hair; it is amazingly difficult to anticipate what one may experience. Another choice would be radiation treatment. Radiation treatment (likewise called radiotherapy, x-beam treatment, or light) is the utilization of a particular kind of vitality (called ionizing radiation) to execute malignancy cells and therapist tumors. Radiation treatment harms or annihilates cells in the region being dealt with (the â€Å"target tissue†) by harming their hereditary material, causing it outlandish for these cells to keep on to develop and isolate. Despite the fact that radiation harms both disease cells and ordinary cells, most typical cells can recoup from the impacts of radiation and capacity appropriately. The objective of radiation treatment is to harm whatever number malignant growth cells as could be expected under the circumstances, while constraining mischief to close by solid tissue. There are various sorts of radiation and various approaches to convey the radiation. For instance, particular kinds of radiation can enter more profoundly into the body than can others. Moreover, a few sorts of rad iation can be finely controlled to treat just a little territory (an inch of tissue, for instance) without harming close by tissues and organs. Different sorts of radiation are better for rewarding bigger territories. Now and again, the objective of radiation treatment is the finished decimation of a whole tumor. In different cases, the point is to shrivel a tumor and diminish side effects. In either case, specialists plan treatment to extra however much solid tissue as could reasonably be expected. About portion of all malignant growth patients get some kind of radiation treatment. Radiation treatment might be utilized alone or in mix with other disease medicines, for example, chemotherapy or medical procedure. Now and again, a patient may get more than one kind of radiation treatment. There are not the same number of symptoms to radiation as there are to chemo. One of the greatest reactions is skin disturbance. The skin will turn pink and feel like a burn from the sun after radiat ion. Bosom malignancy is the most widely recognized disease in ladies in today’s society. Despite the fact that the pace of individuals who are being analyzed is going up, the pace of death is much littler than it used to be. It is terrifying realizing that a friend or family member can pass on from such an appalling malignant growth. The examination is progressively accessible currently because of establishments, for example, Susan G. Komen and different organizations giving cash to explore. It assists with realizing that specialists are getting progressively proficient in a wide range of malignancies, particularly bosom disease. Ideally one day they will have enough information that there will never again be passings and not all that numerous cruel reactions. I say thanks to God ordinarily for giving the specialists assets to help give a superior outcome to my mom and her fight through Breast Cancer and to remain solid through everything. Examination Papers on Impact of Breast CancerFalse AdvertisingSexually Transmitted DiseasesMRSA Staph BacteriaBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonaparteThe Broken FamilyThe Story of Beatrix PotterEmmett Till BiographyDistance Learning Survival GuideLegalization of Same Sex Marriages

Discover The Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekhov

Find The Marriage Proposal by Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhov is known for splendid, full-length plays, yet in his more youthful years he liked composing short, one-act comedies like The Marriage Proposal. Loaded up with mind, incongruity, and splendidly created and enthusiastic characters, this three-man play shows the youthful writer at his best. The Comedies of Anton Chekhov Anton Chekhovs full-length gems might be viewed as comedies, yet they are loaded up with dreary minutes, bombed cherishes, and once in a while even passing. This is particularly obvious in his play The Seagull a comedic dramatization which closes with a self destruction. Albeit different plays, for example, Uncle Vanya and The Cherry Orchard don't come full circle in such an unstable goals, a sentiment of misery saturates every one of Chekhovs plays. This is a sharp differentiation to a portion of his progressively good humored one-act comedies. The Marriage Proposal, for instance, is an awesome sham that could have finished obscurely, yet the dramatist rather keeps up its vivacious caprice, deducing in an effective yet contentious commitment. The Characters of A Marriage Proposal The primary character, Ivan Vassilevitch Lomov, is a pudgy man in his mid-thirties, inclined to uneasiness, obstinacy, and anxiety. These blemishes are additionally enhanced in light of the fact that he turns into an anxious wreck when he attempts to propose marriage. Stepan Stephanovitch Chubukov claims land close to Ivan. A man in his mid seventies, he readily allows consent to Ivan, yet before long cancels the commitment when a contention over property follows. His central concerns are keeping up his riches and keeping his girl upbeat. Natalya Stepanovna is the female lead in this three-man play. She can be joyful and inviting, yet difficult, pleased and possessive, much the same as her male partners. Plot Summary of A Marriage Proposal The play is set in theâ rural wide open of Russia during the late 1800s. When Ivan shows up at the home of the Chubukov family, the older Stepan expect that the fashionable youngster has come to acquire cash. Rather, Stepan is satisfied when Ivan requests his little girls submit marriage. Stepan entire heartedly offers his approval, pronouncing that he as of now cherishes him like a child. The elderly person at that point leaves to get his little girl, guaranteeing the more youthful man that Natalya will benevolently acknowledge the proposition. While alone, Ivan conveys a speech, clarifying his significant level of apprehension, just as various physical infirmities that have as of late tormented his day by day life. This monolog sets up everything that unfurls straightaway. Everything is going great when Natalya first goes into the room. They visit charmingly about the climate and agribusiness. Ivan endeavors to raise the subject of marriage by first expressing how he has known her family since adolescence. As he addresses his past, he makes reference to his familys responsibility for Oxen Meadows. Natalya stops the discussion to explain. She accepts that her family has consistently claimed the knolls, and this contradiction lights a scathing discussion, one that sends emotions flaring and Ivans heart palpitating. After they holler at one another, Ivan feels dazed and attempts to quiet himself down and change the subject back to marriage, just to get drenched in the contention once more. Natalyas father joins the fight, agreeing with his girl, and furiously requesting that Ivan leave on the double. When Ivan is gone, Stepan uncovers that the youngster has intended to propose to Natalya. Stunned and obviously urgent to be hitched, Natalya demands that her dad bring him back. Once Ivan has returned, she attempts to twist the subject toward sentiment. In any case, rather than talking about marriage, they start to contend over which of their pooches is the better dog. This apparently harmless subject dispatches into one more warmed contention. At last, Ivans heart can't tolerate it any longer and he slumps down dead. In any event that is the thing that Stepan and Natalya accept for a second. Luckily, Ivan breaks out of his swooning spell and recovers his detects enough for him to propose to Natalya. She acknowledges, however before the drapery falls, they come back to their old contention with respect to who claims the better pooch. To put it plainly, The Marriage Proposal is a wonderful diamond of a satire. It makes one marvel why such a large amount of Chekhovs full-length plays (even the ones marked as comedies) appear to be so specifically substantial. The Silly and the Serious Sides of Chekhov All in all, for what reason is The Marriage Proposal so offbeat though his full-length plays are practical? One explanation that may represent the unreasonableness found in this one-demonstration is that The Marriage Proposal was first acted in 1890â when Chekhov was simply entering his thirties and still in generally great wellbeing. At the point when he composed his celebrated satire shows his disease (tuberculosis) had all the more seriously influenced him. Being a doctor, Chekhov more likely than not realized that he was approaching an amazing finish, along these lines throwing a shade over The Seagull and different plays. Additionally, during his increasingly productive years as a writer, Anton Chekhov voyaged more and observed many ruined, minimized individuals of Russia, including detainees of a punitive state. The Marriage Proposal is a hilarious microcosm of conjugal associations among the Russian privileged in late nineteenth century Russia.â This was Chekhovs world during his late 20s. As he turned out to be all the more common, his inclinations in others outside the white collar classes expanded. Plays, for example, Uncle Vanya and The Cherry Orchard include a troupe of characters from a wide range of monetary classes, from the wealthiest to the most ruined. At long last, one must consider the impact of Constantin Stanislavski, a theater executive who might get one of the most significant figures in present day theater. His commitment to carrying a naturalistic quality to show may have additionally propelled Chekhov to compose less senseless plays, a lot to the vexation of theater-goers who like their comedies expansive, uproarious, and loaded with droll.

Writing For the UIUC Essay Contest

Writing For the UIUC Essay ContestWriting for the Uiuc Essay Contest is tough, but you can make it a little bit easier on yourself with some of the essay samples for UIUC. When people write essays for an essay contest, they want to find the best possible way to communicate their ideas and concepts to their audience. It's also a good idea to use the opportunity to look at all the different types of essays that can be used. This will help the new writer hone in on the way they want to present their information.One of the easiest ways to do this is to look at the basic structure of an essay for UIUC. There are several sections that may be part of the essay sample for UIUC. They include: Introduction, Body, Conclusions, and a Sample Question. Each section will also contain sample essays that are ready to use.The first section is called the Introduction. This portion will talk about what the essay is about and why it's for an essay contest. The goal is to get the reader to read through th e rest of the essay. The Sample Question that follows should be typed so the student can write something that could get them onto the final exam. These should be easy to follow and help to reinforce any concepts that may be talked about in the body of the essay.The second section of the essay is called the Body. The purpose of this section is to give some tips for writing better. This can also help to see how the writer wants to end the essay. It could also show how well the essay will go with examples from other essays. All of these are great ways to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of the essay.The third section of the essay is called the Conclusions. This is a closing statement that is needed formany essays. This should not be difficult to write, but it will show what the student hopes to accomplish in the essay. The example of this essay can come from a previous essay as well as a sample essay.The fourth section is the Sample Essay. It should be short, not too much, and easy to read. This will help to provide the basics of what the student is looking for in the entire essay.The last part of the essay is the final part. This is for writing an essay that can be used in a classroom setting. This one needs to be creative and professional and keep the same tone throughout.Taking a look at essay samples for UIUC will help to see how they are formatted and what the different parts of the essay are. It's a good idea to take some time to try to understand what the different sections mean and how they apply to the overall essay.

Adrian Monk Essay - 738 Words

Adrian Monk A Former police detective named Adrian Monk has suffered from intensified obsessive- compulsive disorder also known as OCD. As well as a variety of phobias since the murder of his wife, Trudy, in 1997. Despite his photographic memory and his amazing ability to piece tiny clues together, he is now on psychiatric leave from the San Francisco Police Department. Monk works as a freelance detective/consultant who is trying to get back on the force. The captain of the force wont let Monk back on until he realizes that he is able to handle the problems that come with the job. The murder of his wife and his inability to solve the case exacerbated his condition to the point where he finds it impossible to function in society without†¦show more content†¦Monk’s thought process is very different than it was in his childhood. He still has his remembering and even has excelled in his problem solving. But his decision making has been veered off track. Because of his OCD Monk is no t able to make easy decisions. Such as placing his keys in the right spot, or walking a certain way. Monk will never fully recover from his obsessive compulsive disorder. The Third concept is Developmental Psychology. Developmental Psychology is the study of how organisms change over time as a result of biological and environmental influences. Monk’s behavior has changed dramatically as he started to have events happen in his life. He has had many things happen in his life that have changed him. The thought process of Monk is very different than it was before his wife’s death. His environment of being on the force is a big influence to the way his personality has developed. The Fourth concept is The Nature-Nurture Interaction. The Nature-Nurture Interaction is a long standing dispute over relative importance of nature, which is defined as heredity, and nurture which is defined as environment in there influence on behavior and mental process. As the nature aspect Monk doesn’t get his OCD from his genes. As far as the nurture stand point Monk did get his OCD from his environment. Because of his wife’s death his OCD became much worse. And very hard to control. His mental process is very off course because of whatShow MoreRelatedThe Day Of Colorado For Spring Break1264 Words   |  6 PagesAdrian Monk, from the wonderful usa television series Monk, only drinks Sierra Springs bottled water. I once came across a magnificent bottle of Sierra springs while traveling the lands of Oregon, United States, only to find out that some repulsive human being thought it necessary to relieve themselves in the bottle. Yes, you heard me. Adrian Monks favorite water was not, in fact, water but the urine of a dirty, dirty specimen. I didn’t let this ruin my trip, though. This spring break was on thatRead MoreEssay on Psychology Adrian Monk and OCD3129 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Adrian Monk, portrayed by actor Tony Shalhoub, is the main character in the USA Network series MONK. Monk is a former homicide detective for the San Francisco Police Department, suffering from an anxiety disorder known as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as numerous phobias. After Monk’s wife was murdered, his disorder worsened leading to his suspension from the police force. When the series opens, Monk works as a private police homicide consultant and undergoes therapyRead MoreAdrian Monk and The San Francisco Police Department1056 Words   |  4 PagesHistory Adrian Monk is a 55 year old Caucasian male. He appeared well dressed and groomed. He graduated from University of California, Berkeley. He is a former San Francisco homicide detective. He is best known for his peculiar approach to solving difficult crimes. He received a psychological discharge for the police department after the death of his wife, Trudy. He hopes to be reinstated. Presenting problem Adrian mentions he has 312 phobias. (Wikipedia, n.d.) They include germs, dentists, sharpRead MoreCharacters With Psychological Disorders: Adrian Monk and Dr. Gregory House1135 Words   |  5 Pagestimes even glorified. Two characters that come to mind are Adrian Monk, of the USA network show Monk, and Dr. Gregory House of the Fox TV show House. Adrian Monk was brought to life by actor Tony Shaloub, and was a funny and enjoyable detective show, which has now ended after eight successful seasons. Adrian Monk is a very likeable â€Å"Colomboesque† detective who was suffering from Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. The storyline shows Monk as a former police detective who suffered from OCD throughoutRead MoreMonk s Character And Personality1344 Words   |  6 Pagesin the character, Adrian Monk, are probably for the plot of the show. Monk’s unique character and personality are due to his OCD. As mentioned in the earlier, the detective developed his obsessive-compulsive disorder after the murder of his wife Judy in a car bomb. The death traumatized the renowned detective and led to him trying to solve the murder mystery throughout the series. Monk’s OCD case would be considered an acquired type (Pitman). There has been a similar case to Monk. In a study by PitmanRead MoreWhat Was The Importance Of Charlemagn es Imperial Coronation?1735 Words   |  7 PagesPope Leo lll was elected pope in 795 after his predecessor Adrian I died. Supporters of his predecessor assaulted Pope Leo lll in the streets of Rome in 799 in effort to hinder the Pope Leo’s lll ability to take on the role on being the pope (Griffin, 2004). For example, if a person cannot see or speak they will not be able to preach or speak the words of God, therefore enabling said person to be able to be the pope. These supporters of Adrian l were accusing Pope Leo lll of adultery and perjury (EinhardRead MoreThe Miracles Of St. James1291 Words   |  6 Pagesalong the pilgrimage route. For instance, Kevin Madigan argues that many of Cluny s houses lay on the roads from western France to Santiago. The monks of these houses likely wrote the Book of Saint James, a list of miracles that was spectacularly successful in promoting and publicizing the shrine. By promoting the shrine with miracle stories, the monks increased the number of people who would go on pilgrimages voluntarily. Kings also became involved along pilgrimage routes. Charlemagne in the ninthRead MoreNursing, The Protection, Promotion, And Optimization Of Health And Abilities1174 Words   |  5 Pagesand duties, and those duties can get over generalized quiet easy. Nursing goes all the way back to medieval times if not further, although they may of not have gone under the name of ‘nurse’. Most of the nursing care done in medieval times way by monks or nuns, under churches. But if we focus on when nursing actually made a turn in America and when it was professionalized we’d have to go back to the 19th century, when more larger hospitals set up nursing schools that attracted women from middleRead MoreThe Christian Era Of The Western Roman Empire1424 Words   |  6 Pagespower. In 592, with the Lombards at the gates of Rome, it is Gregory I who accepts papal responsibility for the city and brokers a peace with the barbarians, albeit at the cost of an annual tribute. Years later, Gregory I would dispatch a mission of monks to England for the purpose of conversion. Gregory, now in part a temporal ruler of the Rome, utilizing monastic means to spread his spiritual rule throughout Europe had set the pattern for the rise of med ieval papacy. It was the missions of two ofRead MoreTesco Job Analysis2152 Words   |  9 Pagesdown the numbers and giving one an idea of the kind of personality applicants have through their grammar and language use in the application letter. This was the reason why it was necessary to include a cover letter alongside the application form. (Adrian, 2005) The application form contains a number of topics that help to zero in the appropriate candidate. The first section of the form requires candidates to list their academic qualifications and learning institutions attended. The second part of

Autism Spectrum Disorder - 1493 Words

Autistic spectrum disorder is caused not only by environmental factors but also by genetic inheritability. This disorder can range from mild to severe and is shown in many different forms. Symptoms include speech impairment, disorganized language; sensory processing disorder which causes absent responses, sleep disorders, depression and anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder and many more. Diagnosing autism does not include medical test but instead a team of physiologists and physicians observe the child during an autism-specific behavior evaluations and in some cases genetic testing is needed. The exact cause of autism is still unknown although there are many factors that play a role in it for example mother’s weight, teratogens and†¦show more content†¦Asperger’s syndrome is one of the most common forms of autism and most children with this form are high functioning in specific areas as well as lack social skills and Theory of Mind. Parenting a child with aut istic spectrum disorder is very difficult and this disorder affects the entire family. One example is sleep, children with this disorder don’t sleep soundly they can wake up through the night and wake up unusually early which will increase stress and fatigue in the parent. The parent will have to consistently cater to their child’s needs which can affect their personal relationships with friends and family. The more severe the child’s disorder is the more stressful it is for the parent. To overcome the negative aspects of raising such a child it is important that the parent focuses on the positive aspects, and appreciates the good qualities their child has to offer (Glazzard J. Overall K. 2012; Gray, 2006). Parental and family involvement is considered an essential element of intervention programs for children with autism (Brentani, H., Silvestra de Paula, C., Bordini, D., Rolim, D., Sato, F., Portolese, J., McCracken, J.T. 2013). AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 4 A few cases of children with autism show symptoms in early infancy such as resisting to social contact and delayed emotional maturity. Their heads are large and parts of the brain are unusually sensitive to noise, light, and other sensations (Kathleen S. B.,Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesAutism is a neurological disorder with many forms and severities, better known as autism spectrum disorder, that begins early in childhood and lasts throughout the individual’s life. Autism spectrum disorder is defined as developmental disabilities that can cause significant social, communication, and behavioral challenges (CDC). Previously, autism was recognized in distinct groups and types. Now, autism is referred to as a spectrum because there is an overlap among all the different forms of autismRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism2594 Words   |  11 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a neurodevelopmental condition that is classified by a triad of impairments. These impairments are in communication, socialization, and repetitive patterns of behavior (Wolf, 2004). Autism affects about 1% of the current population (Shishido, Branko, Norio, 2013). This disorder seems like a common diagnosis in the current day in age but the disorder was only discovered around sixty years ago. The two founding researchers that discovered the disorder are KannerRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1827 Words   |  8 Pagesin the United States had one or more developmental disorders in 2006-2008. This can affect the person mentally, physically, emotionally, or a combination of the three. These range from something as simple as a speech delay to something as complex as cerebral palsy. One of these developmental disorders is autism. Autism can cause social, communication, and behavioral challenges. One in 68 children are affected by autism. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is 4.5 times more common in boys. One in forty-twoRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pagesconventions (Lai, 2014). These two observations would be the beginning of a disorder known as the Autism Spectrum Disorder. This developmental disorder, characterized by a range of deficits in different areas, is increasingly prevalent in society and in the media. While the exact numbers vary from country to country, according to Lai (2014), 1% of the general population is diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. The range of this disorder has a detrimental effect on society, specifically the educationalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1858 Words   |  8 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder affects various aspects of an autistic child’s life. Many children are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder every year, while others go undiagnosed for an extended time, or even for their whole life. A child exhibiting delays in language benchmarks or showing little interest in the surroundings should be examined for possible ASD. Language is often impaired and although the level of impairment can range from severe too unnoticeable in each child, a child is likely toRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder1446 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Problem Autism or autism spectrum disorder ( ASD) is a developmental disorder that has been found world wide. However unlike many other disorders, autism is fairly new in the sense that there is no cure nor a set factor causing it. 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For those not familiar with autism, Autism Speaks, the world’s leading autism science and advocacy organization, defines autism and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. These disorders are characterized, in varying degrees (hence, a â€Å"Spectrum† that includes both low- and high-functioning individuals), by difficulties in socialRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn America about one out of 88 children have autism spectrum disorder and about 36,500 in four million children are born with autism. Currently approximately 1.5 million adults are living with autism in the United States. The autistic brain is a complicated phenomenon, which has required many years of research in the biomedical field by institutes, organizations, and the government to comprehend the disorder. Depending on the severity of the disorder – low functionin g or high functioning – and theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay2049 Words   |  9 Pages Autism and Asperger’s are two syndromes that are now looked as being part of the ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Asperger’s is on the high functioning end while Autism is on the low functioning end. Before the ‘autism spectrum’ was created, in nineteen forty-three and nineteen forty-four, a psychiatrist named Leo Kanner and German scientist named Hans Asperger discovered Autism and Asperger’s. Their research included looking at cases of children who were different and had qualities of aloneness, obsessiveness

Essay on The Swedish Model of Labor Market - 532 Words

The Swedish model of labor market is distinctive. There are several elements that build up a successful Swedish model. De-commodification of labor has been put into practice in order to balance power between capital and labor. There is a large degree of organization, The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and The Swedish Employers’ Confederation (SAF) which made possible for self-regulation. Working class is very strong which results in low level of labor market conflict. Centralized bargaining is also a key aspect that wage or work condition is an outcome of negotiation between two peak organizations. Moreover, Rhen- Meidner model was implemented in 1950s. The model intends to reach full employment in line with economic stability.†¦show more content†¦The government was able to runs budget balance and unemployment rate was decreased dramatically. A significant change in this period was an implication of workfare policy. The policy affects supply side of labor in which it put more pressure for an individual worker to seek for a job. The process of acquiring social insurance benefit becomes more difficult. Workfare policy forces workers to work until they have no working capability at all. Unemployment insurance has been changed into a negative trend in a view of workers. In 2007 it became even stricter when the right-wings party was in power. Rules of qualification in order to obtain benefit are costly. It requires membership fee which has been increasing significantly. Thus, the fee system excludes workers who could not afford or think that it is not worth paying for. Minimum working period is included in the rule making more burdens to benefit claimer. Compensation level has been reduced from 90 percent of initial income to 80 percent. The rule turned to be even more complicated in 2007 that the compensation is 80 percent of initial income for the first 200 days and reduce to 70 percent for the rest day until 300 days. This significant cha nge has a great impact on individual’s incentive. Most of people have left insurance and turn to private insurance like Trade Union. Moreover, people must concern more whether it is risky or not to change a certain job. This is because the governmentShow MoreRelatedDeveloped Countries and Economically Developed Countries Essay examples927 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches to achieve the same objective. Hogan (1998) said that exist a negative relationship between this two variable in a short run. The low of unemployment rate in United State has increased the inflation rate. Using the estimation of Phillips Curves model that has apply in the research, his conclude that the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) may be decreased a little bit. 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ICT Issues at Workplace

Question: Discuss about the ICT Issues at Workplace. Answer: Introduction Many of the organizations have great procedures and policies and follow proper rules and regulations, even then the unethical behavior is still a big issue for them. In this study, ethically questionable or ethical dilemma situation associated with ICT at the organization is discussed. And Doing Ethics Technique (DET) is used to examine the ethical concern related to ICT. Ethical Isssue Main Issue Ethics are represented as the ethical value that assists the variables like respect, integrity, trustworthiness, openness, and privacy for securing organizations environment as the sustenance of the organization entirely rely on it. On the other hand, ICT is characterized as IT and communication technology, for instance, hardware, software, the internet, and telephone utilized for sharing and communicating essential data inside as well as outside of the company (Gijbels, Raemdonck, Vervecken, Van Herck, 2012). Hereby, ethically questionable or moral dilemma situation accompanying to ICT that was faced by my organization four months earlier is analyzed, where I and other members of the management team identified some whistle-blowers who continuously shared essential and secretive data of organization with others illicitly. Other related issues In this case information like product details and its design and even information about forthcoming merchandise had been communicated and shared illegally with organizations competitors. To make work of employees simpler and diminish human efforts, my organization always used new technology. With the assistance of PDAs, checked copies and E-mails of every project, information has been easily distributed by the organizations employees (McLean, 2011). The Internet, printer, as well as laptops and much more software and hardware, are utilized by the workers to share or reveal essential or secretive information. Workers utilize their own cell phones to message or email secretive data to others. DET have been utilized so that the issues related to morals or ethics in the organization can easily be managed. Our rivals prepare methodology in the same way as the administration had designed or planned to expand the business by propelling new products. It was a situation where employees had sh ared crucial information about the organization for extra facilities and money with the organizations competitors (Meyer, 2015). The vital data was being communicated and shared by the team of employees who use to conduct development and research activities for the organization. The essential information was being distributed with the assistance of employees with the help of their own mobile phones and official E-mail-ids. Facts Related to issue The higher level management team of our organization attempted to examine the facts by making an examination group who might use SWOT examination procedure to discover escape clauses of the organization as well as the existing position of our rivals. The technological framework of each worker was being completely checked by the examination team using employees official email-ids. At last, it was found that RD department mailed essential information and data to our rivals (Dale, 2016). Non-ethical and Ethical Issues It was also discovered by the assessment group that the scanned reports comprising of product configurations were being sent to the contenders. The major issue which prompted to this mistake was the appraisal thing which was not at all made for RD team and they didn't even get payment according to market standards. These were some of the reasons related to legitimate, practical, and social prospects of ethics. Our marketing team had discovered that the upcoming products which we had discussed in earlier meetings have been propelled by our rivals in the market. The marketing team had complained the top management regarding such fraudulent activities by emailing them from their official email-ids. Who is affected The organization's stakeholders were badly affected as they had invested a large portion of the money for our upcoming products which we were going to launch in the market. If we take this affects in a positive way, then it helps stakeholders to be careful before investing in the organization (Meyer, 2015). Ethical Issues and its implications If I have to describe all these issues in one line, then this procedure was completely a whistle-blowing procedure. The workers overlooked their ethical quality for earning name and fame. The established hypothesis of ethics depends on Teleological and Deontological perspectives. The Deontological perspectives concentrate on profound quality, and the Teleological perspectives concentrate on accomplishing things without thinking about the outcomes. This case is connected with the Teleological viewpoint. The management of our organization was blamed by our stakeholders because the share prices of stakeholders were falling, therefore, there is no guarantee that they will invest their finance with us so these are some of the implications of these ethical issues. Steps taken to solve this issue The online articles or blogs were being publicized and individuals came to properly know about the organizations working standards in the society. The management team installed new software so that all whistle-blowing team members could easily be tracked during the time when they are doing such type of activities. The management has been appointed an examination team so that the technological gadgets that were utilized by our workers could be examined timely to prevent dishonest activities (Hollingworth Valentine, 2015). Options to solve Issue The first alternative is that the management should pay the group according to the market prices, and furthermore give yearly evaluations. The second choice is that the electronic gadgets ought to be given to all workers, for example, scanner, printer, laptop, punch cards, phones, etc. and these devices should only be utilized during office timings and ought to be followed on a regular basis by our investigation team members. Best Option to solve issue The second alternative will prove to be suitable because of workers entry as well as exit time tracking. The investigation team enters email ids of employees to track personal gadgets being utilized by our workers. In addition, workers will be aware of checking of their work performance which will make a superior workplace situation. The workers ought not to be permitted to use own gadgets since workers can duplicate and share the data anytime. The management of our organization should have an intellectual property using software which tracks activities and performance of employees. Conclusion This study has concluded that employees should maintain ethics while using the technology in an organization. The workers were informants as well as shared and communicated the essential data to the contenders about their forthcoming products. Therefore, organizations should regularly track the behaviors, activities, and performance of the employees and track the technologies given to every employee on a persistent basis. References Dale, O. (2016). Ethical issues and stakeholders matter.Addiction,111(4), 587-589. Gijbels, D., Raemdonck, I., Vervecken, D., Van Herck, J. (2012). Understanding work?related learning: the case of ICT workers.Journal Of Workplace Learning,24(6), 416-429. Hollingworth, D. Valentine, S. (2015). Erratum to: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Organizational Ethical Context on Employees Ethical Issue Recognition and Ethical Judgments.Journal Of Business Ethics,128(2), 467-467. McLean, A. (2011). Ethical frontiers of ICT and older users: cultural, pragmatic and ethical issues.Ethics And Information Technology,13(4), 313-326. Meyer, M. (2015). Positive business: doing good and doing well.Business Ethics: A European Review,24, S175-S197.

Cults Essays (1867 words) - Eschatology, Apocalypticism, Religion

Cults On November 18, 1978, in a cleared-out patch of the Guyanese jungle, Reverend Jim Jones ordered the 911 members of his flock to kill themselves by drinking a cyanide potion, and they did. It seems cultists were brainwashed by this megalomaniac Jones, who had named their jungle village after himself and held them as virtual slaves, if not living zombies. Jones himself was found dead. He'd shot himself in the head, or someone else had shot him. Is it plausible that more than nine hundred people took their own lives willingly, simply because he told them to? This paper will examine aspects of certain religious groups around the world that have shocked us with similar types of behavior. Most of these groups have been categorized into what we refer to as cults. While most of these new religious groups are extremely passive in their methodology, it is my objective to look at those that have gone outside the boundaries of our norms and done such things as mass suicide and acts of terrorism. I will try to understand how the leaders of these groups are able to persuade members to give up all of their possessions and in some cases their lives. What causes people to remove themselves from their jobs, and families? A cult is any group of people who surround themselves around a strong authority figure. Cults, like many other groups, attempt to expand their influence for the purposes of power or money. However, to achieve these ends, destructive cults employ a potent mixture of influence and deception over members and new recruits. Using methods such as brainwashing, thought reform, and mind control. A successful conversion into a destructive cult removes a person's former identity and replaces it with a new one. This is where the new member accepts all of the beliefs of his new group and a new identity is created. However once a member of the group, any deviation from the cult leader's teachings is strictly forbidden. Individuality is suppressed, and subject to fear and suspicion of everyone around in the group. What could cause people to join such groups when it is common knowledge that these groups are known to go against the norms of our society? Many of those who study these groups say that people tend to be more susceptible to manipulation in times of major change and crisis. During the 1960s there was an explosion of these new religious groups such as the Hare Krishna and Transcendental Meditation. A decade later, the human potential movement emerged, teaching self-awareness and consciousness expansion. Groups with self-styled s like Charles Manson, David Koresh, and Marshall Applewhite have flourished, teaching impending doom, using mixtures from Christianity, millennialism and even science fiction. Most of those who join these groups, do not join them with the intention of becoming a cultist, they are usually seeking a new religious group, or a self-help group, looking for some improvement in their lives. It is the group that they join that play on the individuals insecurities and giving them some sense of order and a reason for their existence in the world. There have been many religious groups that have caught the medias attention with their deviant behavior such as the members of Jonestown. Here are some other examples that will illustrate the complete dominance that the leaders were able to hold over the members of the cult. David Koreshs Religious group, known as the Davidian is one of the more familiar cuts during the past decade. On February 28, 1993, Storm Troopers of the ATF tried to enter the Branch Davidian compound in the outskirts of Waco, Texas, where David Koresh and his followers had set up their haven. The compound was stockpiled with weapons that were to be used for a holy war that the had claimed would be coming soon. David and his followers vowed there would be no surrender. For 51 days there was a standoff between the cult, and the ATF. The doomsday prophet promised to bring forth an apocalypse for all those with him in the compound. When the ordeal over 90 people were dead. Many of the survivors blame the U.S government for their attack on the

A History of African-Americans essays

A History of African-Americans essays It is often taught that the social and economic conditions of African Americans have been one of Americas greatest struggles. For some, the struggle continues, although changes are evident, it has in no way erased the damage that was inflicted. Others believe that the time has come to move on and consider racism and the residual effect of slavery as a thing of the past. However, its apparent that the conditions of African Americans have improved, and they are making noticeable contributions in the American Democracy. From slavery to today, many laws has been implemented which would normally restrict blacks from improving their social and economic standards. From the passing of the 14th Amendment to amending the Georgia State flag, laws are continually being updated to reflect Americas diversity in regards to African Americans and others. In this paper I will attempt to discuss the progressive improvements of African Americans from their arrival in America in the 15th century until the present day. During a time when it was easier to conform, rather than rebel, Rosa Park, chose the later. Her choice sparked the African American movement during the sixties, igniting others into the bus boycott in Selma Alabama. Today, blacks can now seat wherever they please, and in retrospect, many even sits on the Board of Directors for Transportation Authorities. Many black activists, such as Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Truman, and Martin Luther King, sacrificed themselves, and began the revolutionizing of America. Slavery, the condition in which one human being was owner by another. A slave was considered by law as property and was deprived of most of the rights ordinarily held by a free person. Slaves were used principally for personal and domestic service, including concubine. Generally the owner is responsible for providing minimal food, shelter and clothing. The first African brought to the E...

Campfire usa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Campfire usa - Research Paper Example Soon it commenced its programs such as â€Å"Blue Bird† for younger girls, the name of the program changed to â€Å"Star Fight† in 1989 where it served both the girls and boys. In 1918, the first Campfire council was formed in Kansas City. Time does fly by as in no time it reached its silver jubilee and on account of its 50th anniversary a program named the â€Å"She Cares †¦ Do You?† started. Under this program, more than 2 million trees were planted and 13,000 birdhouses were built. The organization took the acceleration and a number of different projects started such as a program named â€Å"Junior High† in 1962 and Metropolitan Critical Areas (MCA) Project in 1964. The â€Å"Wohelo† awards were also introduced during these years named after Campfire’s watchwords â€Å"work†, â€Å"health† and â€Å"love†. In 1975, young boys were also encouraged to participate. In 1983, a program â€Å"Adventure† started; then in 1988, â€Å"Teens in action† was initiated and following these in 1992, Champions for Children program also began. In 1997, â€Å"Kid Day† was celebrated where adults expressed their love to children through letters. In the year 2000, Campfire celebrated its 90th anniversary being one of the leading youth development agencies across the nation. In the year 1999, the organization looked further and after completing its initial goal made up a new mission. The mission works on to develop caring and confident youth who will be the leaders of tomorrow. It requires its director to have the basic knowledge regarding insurance. Comprehensive general liability, directors liability, umbrella liability are an integrated part of this organization. Furthermore, insurance on automotives, property and accidents or illness is covered. The organization also places emphasis on bonding, special benefits and annual increments. Campfire will be responsible for any kind of risk taken

Production system optimization Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Production system optimization - Coursework Example The new Efficiency will be: Alternatively, we use the results of analysis which indicate that the more the number of LV Doors, the more the number of workstations required for production (Burke, 2005). It therefore means that the number of work stations needed in the assembly lines has to be reduced (Rutherford, 2002). The required minimum number of the workstations can be calculated as: This requires that we reduce the cycle times for every LD Door to obtain the smallest number of workstations required. In the original situation where there are 4 assembly doors, the number of workstations required is 15.10 which are rounded off to 16. However, the reduction of cycle times gives the calculation of the number of work stations as follows: As we maintain the minimum number of workstations at 14, we have balanced the line to its optimal efficiency (Chapman & King, 2008). This efficiency must be maximized since it corresponds to the percentage utilization of the workstations available. In the current situation, the production system produces about 3 sets of MC every day, when the operation runs continuously for 12 hours in a day (Brookhart, 2006). It means that the efficiency has to be increased until the production shifts from 3 to 5. This requires that we measure the percentage by which the production will have increased. This is calculated as

Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Supply and Demand Essay Chapter 3—Supply and Demand Question 1. Draw a demand curve with an equilibrium price and quantity, show what happens on your diagram when each of the following events occurs. Explain whether each of the following events represents a (i) shift of the demand curve or (ii) a movement along the demand curve. (a) A store owner finds that customers are willing to pay more for umbrellas on rainy days (b) When XYZ Telecom, a long-distance telephone service provider, offered reduced prices for its services on weekends, the volume of weekend calling increased sharply. Question 2. The following table represents the demand and supply for orchids (a type of flower). Plot the curves on the diagram below a) Graph both the supply (S0) and the demand (D0) curves. What is the current equilibrium price and quantity? b) Something has happen to the supply of orchids and the new supply curve is given above. Graph the new supply curve. Is there a temporary shortage or surplus before the market adjusts? What is the new equilibrium price and quantity? c) Name all the factors that could shift the supply curve like it has? Question 3. In the following situation, draw the market for wheat After each event described below, what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity as a result? Draw a diagram and be sure to label everything. (i) Due to good weather, 1997 was a very good year for Prairie wheat growers, who produced a bumper crop of wheat. At the same time, there is an announcement by the Canadian Health Organization saying that corn is bad for your heart.

George W. Bushs Faith Based Initiative and the Separation of Church an

George W. Bush's Faith Based Initiative and the Separation of Church and State Clause Nowhere in the U.S constitution or any other official documents  does it say that there must be strict â€Å"separation of church and state†.   This clause was used by Jefferson in his letter to the Danbury Baptist Association of Connecticut on January 1, 1802 (Truthwalk 1).   After being revised six times by one of our founding fathers, James Madision, the first amendment now states that,   â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..." (Parsons 40).  Ã‚   Did the fore fathers intend the first amendment to keep religion out of government, or did they want to create a law that stated religion was a free choice moreover preventing the government from forcing one religion upon the people of America. When hearing the phrase â€Å"separation of church and state† one thinks of controversy.   Every other day you hear of something on the news regarding, â€Å"the separation of church and state,† where is the right place to draw the line? Many issues have arisen in the world today that makes the topic of "separation of church and state" very controversial; however, one of most significant issues is Bush's Faith Based Initiative.   Bush’s Faith Based Initiative has strong separationists crying out â€Å"separation of church and state† all over the news. "Separationists argue that our fore fathers wanted such a complete division between church and state that any government accommodation would be unconstitutional"(Frank Guliuzza, p.116). On January 29th, 2001, right after his inauguration, Bush set up his Faith Based Initiative that would soon provide â€Å"faith-based† organizations with governmental federal fund... ... Religion. pgs: 163-164.   Boston Mass:   The Beacon Press, 1953. * "The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life."   Faith Based Initiative and the Bush Administration.   2004.   <http://pewforum.org/faith-based-initiatives> * Sheldon, Louis P.   "CON: IS BUSH VIOLATING SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE?."   The Wichita Eagle.   7 Janurary 2003.   <http://www.kansas.com/mld/eagle/news/editorial/4886897.htm>. * Scott, Robert C. "Statement of Rep. Scott on Bush's Executive Orders on Faith Based Initiatives."   Press Release. 12 December 2002.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚               <http://www.house.gov/scott/press12_12_02.htm>   * "TruthWalk"   November 7, 2004.   The Separation of Church and State.   <http://www.truthwalk.com/Feedback/separation.html> * "White House Faith Based and Community Initiative".   November 2003. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/fbci/guidance_document.pdf>

Dow Chemical Case

Dow Chemical Case Question 1 Polyethylene is the world’s most widely used plastic. Polyethylene plastic’s principal application was in packaging, from trash bags to milk jugs. It was widely used in the manufacture of everything from trash bags, picnic cutlery and garbage pails, to plastic toys. Polyethylene also replaced glass, wood, and metal in certain applications. There were three types of polyethylene, Low-density polyethylene, High density polyethylene and Low linear density polyethylene. Polyethylene produced from ethylene. Ethylene is produced from oil or natural gas. Ethylene plants separated either naphtha molecules (derived from crude oil) or ethane molecules (derived from natural gas). The ethylene derived from this process was used to produce polyethylene. The critical success factors in this business were capital intensive and economies of scale. Polyethylene was a global commodity product and pricing worldwide typically fell into a narrow band. The demand for polyethylene was large because it was the world’s most widely used plastic and polyethylene customers were typically small and medium-sized plastic processing companies. The big Risks in the industry: * The raw material risk – Cracking naphtha (the raw material derived from crude oil) required much more energy, manufacturing intensity, and equipment than cracking ethane (derived from natural gas). Supply of primary materials and electricity are crucial to success of polyethylene production. * Cost risk – large plant sizes and the need for economies of scale rendered the ethylene industry highly capital intensive. A plant for cracking ethane was estimated to hundreds of millions and the cost for a plant for cracking naphtha is double. Capacity additions or reductions could significantly affect balance of supply and demand, influencing capacity utilization rates, prices, and profit margins. * Ethylene profitability was tightly links to its global operating rate. The ethylene business links to oil companies, governments, pure chemical companies, conglomerates, private investors, and joint ventures. * Competition of polyethylene industry in Argentina and in the global market. The government operator was directly or indirectly financing capital – intensive ethylene plants in order to stimulate downstream business. Some of countries, the government contribute the investment. * The margins for producers of ethylene and first-order derivatives (mostly plastics) were highly correlated because the producers for them were highly integrated. Question 2 The stages of the project: * Stage 1: involved taking control of PBB, which comprised the ethylene cracker and polyethylene plant, and then upgrading the facilities in order to make them internationally competitive * Stage 2: involved acquiring Polisur’s two polyethylene plants * Stage 3: involved building a new ethylene cracker and a polyethylene plant These three stages are closely related to each other. The next stage would be reached only if the previous stages achieved, and the followed stages ensure the success of the previous stages. Acquiring PBB offers Dow the opportunity to enter Argentina market, and this is the first step for Dow to take over control of Bahia Blanca’s polyethylene activities. Dow is bidding not only for PBB in the privatization, but also an overall plan for the development of Dow’s polyethylene business in Argentina. Dow will decide on the price to bid for PBB in the upcoming privatization, the price is based on the valuation of the entire project (stage 1, 2 and 3). The three stages are one big project. Dow’s bid for PBB should not be based solely on the value of Stage 1 of the project. Gaining control of PBB would be the first step in the project. But taking all the factors discussed above into consideration, Dow should value all the 3 stages in order to bid on the PBB project. Dow believed that it had the opportunity to become the number-one player in the Latin American polyethylene industry. To achieve this goal, Dow would also have to acquire Polisur’s two polyethylene plants (stage 2) and expand existing capacity. The expansion of its polyethylene capacity in Bahia Blanca would require the company to build a world-class competitive cracker (stage 3). Doing so would nearly triple PBB’s ethylene capacity. Therefore, Dow had to not only consider what to bid for PBB in the privatization, but also develop an overall plan for the development of Dow’s polyethylene business. Dow had to incorporate the terminal value of each stage of the project. Question 3: The followings are the arguments that support the acquisition of PBB: 1. The whole project will increase Dow shareholder’s wealth. As a public company, the first aim of the management team is to increase the shareholder wealth. The project proposed by the management team is definitely consistent with this goal. And bidding on the PBB is the first stage of the whole project. The exact increase in shareholders’ equity may be various at this point as it depends on lots of other factors ( we will discuss the risk of valuation thought the whole case. , but in general, the management team is confident in the future outlook. 2. The other important strategic purpose of acquiring PBB is that it is the first stage towards consolidating all Bahia Blanca’s polyethylene activity under Dow’s control. The 3-stage project will make Dow to be the leading company of polyethylene in Argentina, even in Latin America because of its MNC background. This will have a long term positive influence in Dow’s stock price as well as shareholders’ equity. 3. Also, as indicated in the case, the demand of polyethylene will increase in the next couple years. Argentina is an emerging market, which is facing a rapid transformation. Dow’s vice president anticipated continued improvement in standards of living, which will lead to increase demand for polyethylene in Argentina, as well as in Latin America. The expected growth in polyethylene demand made PBB a potentially attractive acquisition. 4. PBB right now is a government controlled complex which is going to privatize. For Dow, it is a perfect opportunity to build long term relationship with Argentina government. It will give Dow more opportunities in the market of Argentina and Latin America. Question 4: The followings are the mains risks of the project for Dow beyond the general industry risks discussed in Question 1: 1. Country risk. Argentina is an emerging market. It is widely agreed that when we estimate the risk of emerging market by using the traditional model like CAMP, the result also unfavorable. Some reasons are the market is highly concentrated and integrated. And also the country risk cannot be diversified. So it brings the uncertainty to Dow’s valuation. 2. Political risk. Political risk is part of country risk. It is identified as the potentially adverse impact a country’s environment has on a firm’s future cash flows. And it will affect Dow’s future expected returns and valuation measures. If there is some major political unrest in Argentina, the government expropriates PBB, Dow will face a significant loss. Also, if the Argentina government default on its debt, Dow would face the bad debt which is an huge cost and will drag down the expected cash flows. 3. Economics risk The privatization in Argentina was the progress to control the fiscal problems, like hyperinflation, stagflation and huge fiscal deficits. As an emerging country, Argentina had not developed a healthy financial market within the country. The unstable economy would lead to a huge possibility of default. Another possible aspect was the economics risk of the world. If there was an economics downturn, the huge investment of the project would worth less and Dow will facing difficulties to rise equity to finance the project. 4. Unexpected risk: (1) Unexpected shortage of energy. The industry is really energy intensive. If there is a energy shortage such as the decreased supply of oil, the whole project will face negative return. (2) Unexpected rise in variable cost, such as transportation cost. The unexpected rise in variable cost will have negative impact on Dow’s cash flow. The decrease of expected cash flow will lead the decrease value of the project. (3) There are 3 stages of the whole project. If one of them did not work well, the overall goal will be affected and the whole project would have the risk of failure. Question 5: Given in the case that Dow’s cost of capital for similar U. S. based projects is 10%, thus we chose to use NPV to evaluate the different stages of the project, by discounting each year’s expected cash flow (Exhibit 9, 10 & 11) to the base year-1995. Stage 1 Valuation Given in the case, Dow is bidding on the sale of 51% of PBB, therefore, if we calculate the Present Value of the cash flow, Dow should get 51%. Dow’s total investments for PBB Ethylene cracker and PBB Polyethylene cracker between 1996 and 2000 are $128. 9 million and $28 million in Exhibit 7 from the case. If we compare these figures with Exhibit 9A & 9B investment numbers between 1996 and 2000, they are the same (shown in Table 1); this means that the cash flow of PBB in exhibit 9A is the cash flow after only deducting the investment from Dow. So, we add back Dow’s investment to get the actual cash flow of PBB. Since Dow’s share in PBB is 51%, it gets 51% of PBB’s cash flow and we discount the cash flow. Next we calculate the sum of Present Value of Dow’s investment in each year, and subtract it from Dow’s 51% share in PBB. This number reflects the actual net cash flow been distributed to Dow. The followings summarize the steps of the thinking process: Step 1: Add back Dow’s investment to PBB’s cash flow, this gives the total future cash flow to be distributed among Dow (Dow owns 51% of PBB) and other owners. Step 2: Find the PV of total future cash flows Step 3: Distribute the 51% of the PV of total future cash flow to Dow Step 4: Deduct PV of Dow’s investment from Step 3 The value of Stage 1 is $345. 71 million as shown in Table 2. Stage 2 Valuation In Stage 2, we took polyethylene CFs directly from Exhibit 10, and discount them by appropriate discount rate, and summing up these PV of the cash flows we get the value of Stage 2, $399. 76 million. Another point worth mentioning is the calculation of the terminal value in 2010. Given in the case, the growth is 3. % constant for the project, we took the cash flow in 2010, which is $82 million; multiplied it by (1+g)/(k-g), and discounted it by 16 years to get the present value. Stage 3 Valuation Stage 3 involves building a new ethylene cracker and a polyethylene plant. We summed up the total cash flows of them and find PV of the cash flows in each year. The total of all the PV of the cash flows is the value of Stage 3, $ 993. 69 mill ion shown in Table 4. Now we have the value for each stage, and we get the total of the project, it is worth $1739. 16 million with the value of Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3 are $345. 1 million, $399. 763 million and $993. 690 million respectively, under the assumption that each stage is successful just like Dow has planned. Question 6: There are two ways to do Discounted Cash Flow analysis in an international context. We can adjust the discount rate by adding a country’s political risk premium or, adjust the cash flow of the project. In this question, we will discuss the appropriate method of the project’s discount rate. In a country, the higher risk that investors perceived, the higher discount rate that should be applied to the project’s cash flows. The risks we are talking about are not diversifiable. Since November 1995, the Convertibility Law tied the peso to the U. S. dollar, even thought the market thinks the fixed exchange rate would last for several years, but as the executives of Dow, Virgnar and Marcer need to consider the possibility of future crises. Uncertainty about future currency thus will increase the discount rate of project in Argentina, which means that Dow’s cost of capital is increased. Possible impact of government policies relevant to foreign investments is another issue, example increased tax rate. This will leave Dow with a lower investment return than before. In practice it is often difficult to quantify the likelihood and impact of political risk on international investments; given US and Argentine Yields in the case, we can adjust the discount rate by adding the sovereign yield spread between U. S. and Argentina. The idea is that the bond spreads between two countries with same maturity reflects country risk. The country with the higher yield in this case is Argentina; it offers approximately 10% more than the U. S’ yield shown in Exhibit 12. The reason behind that is Argentina has a higher country risk than U. S. , so it has to offer a higher yield in order to compensate the investors for taking additional risks. Therefore Dow should take these additional risks into consideration when evaluating the project. The adjusted discount rate for the project should be 20%, 10% ( cost of capital for similar U. S projects from Q5) + 10% (Argentina’s country risk) and this change in the discount rate will have a big impact on the value of each stage in the project which we will examine later. There are two major advantages of adjusting the discount rate by adding the sovereign yield spread. One of the advantages is the countries’ bond yields are easy to find, observe and access, investors can easily calculate the country risk by subtracting the two bond yields. Another advantage is that the yield of bond is forward-looking, it does not only incorporate today’s condition, also the yield reflects the market’s future expectation of a country’s risk and return so it is a good representation of cost of equity in a particular country. Salomon Smith Barney model is similar to the model that we just described, but with additional inputs and refinements. If we have more information from S&P country sovereign ratings, country ratings, and macro variables, we could adjust discount rate for the project more accurately. Furthermore, the political risk premium that we can add to the discount rate can be scaled up or down based on subjective scores for Dow’s access to capital, susceptibility of the project investment to Argentina’s political risk and the importance of the investment for Dow. Therefore, the more relevant information we have, the more accurate discount rate we can construct to help evaluate the project. Question 7 The calculation process for is basically the same as in question 5, except here we use the cost of capital 20% instead of 10% to discount expected cash flow. Calculation shows in Table 5 (in Million U$). The project worth is $464. 734 which about only 20% of the project value if it located in US. The largely decrease in project value is due to the higher country risk in Argentina than in the US. The higher country risk was reflected in the higher discount rates which lower the present value of the cash flow. In stage 1, the present value of expected cash flow (CFs) is 160. 32 which is 54% lower than the stage 1 value in question 5. The percentage of decrease is lower than the total project value’s decrease, since most of the value in stage 1 was generate from early years cash flow. The country risk in the short run is lower than in the long run. Because in the long run there are more chances for uncertainty events to happened. In stage 2, the present value of CFs is 194. 81 and it is 51% lower than the project value in US which also less than the percentage decrease of the total project value. And this is due to the same reason as in stage 1. In stage 3, the value is $109. 837 which is 89% lower than the question 5’s value. The significant decreasing value is due to the value of stage 3 is mainly from terminal value. Since there are higher country risk and more uncertainty in the long run, stage 3’s long run cash flows ( include terminal value) are heavily discounted which lead to low present value. Question8 Dow should bid for PBB no matter the project is in US or Argentine, since the total project values and stage 1 values are both positive in these two countries. Because Dow is an American company, the shareholders care about the US returns. The Project cash flows and stage 1cash flows are discounted by the cost of capital in US and get positive present values, which mean the PPB will increase Dow’s shareholder wealth. To determining how much Dow should bid, the company should aware that there are some requirements made by the Argentina government. First, the government set the minimum accepted price is 150million U$, which is the lowest range for Dow’s bid. Second, the government requires the bidder to have a statement of net worth of at least 5 billion U$. While, Dow has two other competitors Copesul and Perez also want to bid PPB. However, Copesul only has net worth $929,538,000 and Perez has net worth $1,461,000,000. Even if Copesul and Perez combine to bid PPB, their total net worth around $2,391,000,000 will be smaller than the $5 billion requirement. Therefore, Dow should not been threatened by Copesul and Perez’s bid, and they should not affect Dow’s biding strategy. Therefore, for the bidding price: Value of the bid= Value of (stage 1+2+3)-cost of PBB- cost of Polisur The cost of stage 3 is already included in the value of stage 3. In question 3, we obtain the Value of (stage 1+2+3) equal to$464. 734 million. Since the Value of the bid>0, then cost of (PBB+ Polisur) < $464. 734million According to the government requirement, Dow could bid PBB for $150 million, then their higher range for Dow’s bid should be $ 314. 734 million ($464. 734million- $150 million). Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5:

The History Behind Who Invented HTML

Some of the people who drive the transformation of the internet are well-known: think Bill Gates and Steve Jobs. But those who developed its inner workings are often totally unknown, anonymous, and unsung in an age of hyper-information that they themselves helped to create. Definition of HTML HTML is the authoring language used to create documents on the web. It  is used to define the structure and layout of a  web page, how a page looks, and any special functions. HTML does this by using what are called tags that have attributes. For example, p means a paragraph break. As the viewer of a web page, you dont see HTML; it is hidden from your view. You see only the results. Vannevar Bush Vannevar Bush was an engineer born at the end of the 19th century. By the 1930s he was working on analog computers and in 1945 wrote the article As We May Think, published in the Atlantic Monthly. In it, he describes a machine he called memex, which would store and retrieve information via microfilm. It would consist of screens (monitors), a keyboard, buttons, and levers. The system he discussed in this article is very similar to HTML, and he called the links between various pieces of information associative trails. This article and theory laid the foundation for Tim Berners-Lee and others to invent the World Wide Web, HTML (hypertext markup language), HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), and URLs (Universal Resource Locators) in 1990. Bush died in 1974 before the web existed or the internet became widely known, but his discoveries were seminal. Tim Berners-Lee and HTML Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist and academic, was the primary author of HTML, with the assistance of his colleagues at CERN, an international scientific organization based in Geneva. Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 at CERN. He was named one of Time magazines 100 most important people of the 20th century for this accomplishment. Berners-Lees browser editor was developed in 1991-92. This was a true browser editor for the first version of HTML and ran on a NeXt workstation. Implemented in Objective-C, it, made it easy to create, view, and edit web documents. The first version of HTML was formally published in June 1993.